Data coverage
This data set contains the calculated net ocean-air carbon dioxide (CO2) flux and sea-air CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) difference. The estimates are based on approximately one million measurements made for the pCO2 in surface waters of the global ocean since the International Geophysical Year, 1956-1959. Only the ocean water pCO2 values measured using direct gas-seawater equilibration methods were used. The results represent the climatological distributions under non-El Nino conditions. Since the measurements were made in different years, during which the atmospheric pCO2 was increasing, they were corrected to a single reference year (arbitrarily chosen to be 1995) on the basis of the following assumptions: -Surface waters in subtropical gyres mix vertically at slow rates with subsurface waters due to the presence of strong stratification at the base of the mixed layer. This will allow a long contact time with the atmosphere to exchange CO2. Therefore, their CO2 chemistry tends to follow the atmospheric CO2 increase. Accordingly, the pCO2 measured in a given month and year is corrected to the same month of the reference year 1995 using changes in the atmospheric CO2 concentration occurred during this period. -Oceanic pCO2 measurements made after the beginning of 1979 have been corrected to 1995 using the atmospheric CO2 concentration data from the GLOBALVIEW-CO2 database (2000), in which the zonal mean atmospheric concentrations (for each 0.05 in sine of latitude) within the planetary boundary layer are summarized for each month since 1979 to 2000. -Pre-1979 oceanic pCO2 data were corrected to 1979 using the annual mean trend for the global mean atmospheric CO2 concentration constructed from the Mauna Loa data of Keeling and Whorf (2000), and then from 1979 to 1995 using the GLOBALVIEW-CO2 database. -Measurements for pCO2 made in the following areas have been corrected for the time of observation; 45 degrees N, 50 degrees S, in the Atlantic Ocean, north of 50 degrees S in the Indian Ocean, 40 degrees N, 50 degrees S in the western Pacific west of the date line, and 40 degrees N, 60 degrees S, in the eastern Pacific east of the date line. atmosco2byerosionxdeg1019 The Continental Atmospheric CO2 Consumption data set represents gridded estimates for the riverine export of carbon and of sediments based on empirical models. All data exist for the overall continental area in a spatial resolution of 0.5 x 0.5 degree longitude/ latitude. The units are tC/km2/yr for all carbon species, and t/km2/yr for sediment fluxes. There are two data files (.zip) with this data set which describe the following: dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export, particulate organic carbon (POC) export, bicarbonate export, export of bicarbonate being of atmospheric origin (also called atmospheric CO2 consumption by rock weathering), and sediment export. avhrralbedo1995xdeg928 This Albedo and BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) data set contains three files containing BRDF parameters, white- sky albedo and black-sky albedo at solar noon for three bands ((350-680nm, 680-3000nm, and 350-30000nm)derived from AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer). These data are available at spatial resolutions of quarter, half, and one degree. Black-sky albedo (direct beam contribution) and white-sky (Completely diffuse contribution) can be linearly combined as a function of the fraction of diffuse skylight (itself a function of optical depth) to provide an actual or instantaneous albedo at local solar noon. c4percent1deg932 The photosynthetic composition (C3 or C4) of vegetation on the land surface is essential for accurate simulations of biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of carbon, water, and energy. C3 and C4 plants have different responses to light, temperature, CO2, and nitrogen; they also differ in physiological functions like stomatal conductance and isotope fractionation. A fine-scale distribution of these plant types is essential for earth science modeling. The C4 percentage is determined from datasets that describe the continuous distribution of plant growth forms (i.e., the percent of a grid cell covered by herbaceous or woody vegetation), climate classifications, the fraction of a grid cell covered in croplands, and national crop type harvest area statistics. The staff from the International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Initiative II have made the original data set consistent with the ISLSCP-2 land/water mask. This data set contains a single file in ArcInfo ASCIIGRID format. This data set is one of the products of the International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology Project, Initiative II (ISLSCP II) data collection which contains 50 global time series data sets for the ten-year period 1986 to 1995. Selected data sets span even longer periods. ISLSCP II is a consistent collection of data sets that were compiled from existing data sources and algorithms, and were designed to satisfy the needs of modelers and investigators of the global carbon, water and energy cycle. The data were acquired from a number of U.S. and international agencies, universities, and institutions. The global data sets were mapped at consistent spatial (1, 0.5 and 0.25 degrees) and temporal (monthly, with meteorological data at finer (e.g., 3-hour)) resolutions and reformatted into a common ASCII format. The data and documentation have undergone two peer reviews. ISLSCP is one of several projects of Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) [http://www.gewex.org/] and has the lead role in addressing land-atmosphere interactions -- process modeling, data retrieval algorithms, field experiment design and execution, and the development of global data sets. co2emissions1deg1021 This data set contains decadal (1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 1995) estimates of gridded fossil-fuel emissions, expressed in 1,000 metric tons C per year per one degree latitude by one degree longitude. The CO2 emissions are the summed emissions from fossil-fuel burning, hydraulic cement production and gas flaring. The years 1950 to 1990 were developed and compiled using somewhat different procedures and information than the 1995 data. The national annual estimates (Boden et al., 1996) from 1950 to 1990 were allocated to one degree grid cells based on gridded information on national boundaries and political units, and a 1984 gridded human population map (Andres et al., 1996). For the 1995 data, the population data base developed by Li (1996a) and documented by CDIAC (DB1016: Li, 1996b) was used as proxy to grid the 1995 emission estimates. There is one .zip data file with this data set at 1.0 degree spatial resolution. fluxnetpoint1029 This International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP II) data set, ISLSCP II Carbon Dioxide Flux at Harvard Forest and Northern BOREAS Sites, contains gapp-filled flux and meterological data for half-hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, and annual time intervals presented for each site and year. The 1992-1995 Harvard Forest, MA site, and the 1994-95 Old Black Spruce, Alberta, Canada site are members of the FLUXNET global network of micrometeorological towers that use eddy covariance methods to measure the excahanges of carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor, and energy between terrestrial ecosystem and atmosphere. There are 6 .zip files with this data set. crumonthlymeanxdeg1015 This data set contains a mean monthly climatology for several climate variables averaged over the period from 1961 to 1990, and constructed from a data set of station 1961-1990 climatological normals, numbering between 19,800 (precipitation) and 3,615 (windspeed; see New et al, 1999 for details). The station data were interpolated as a function of latitude, longitude and elevation using thin-plate splines. The data comprise a suite of climate elements: precipitation, mean, maximum, and minimum temperature, frost frequency, diurnal temperature range, radiation, wet-day frequency, v
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